ριε 撇 pie πικιε

ακα προτού Ινδό  proto indo lingo λινγο λίγο Piezoelectricity

Electric charge that accumulates in certain solids

Piezoelectricity (/ˌpiːzoʊ-, ˌpiːtsoʊ-, paɪˌiːzoʊ-/, US: /piˌeɪzoʊ-, piˌeɪtsoʊ-/) is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA, and various proteins—in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat. It is derived from the Greek word πιέζειν; piezein, which means to squeeze or press, and ἤλεκτρον ēlektron, which means amber, an ancient source of electric charge.

Paragraph Directionality

Since Hebrew is read and written right-to-left, as opposed to the left-to-right system in English, the cursor keys and delete keys work backwards when Hebrew text is entered in left-to-right directionality mode. Because of the differences between left-to-right and right-to-left, some difficulties arise in punctuation marks that are common between the two languages, such as periods and commas. When using standard left-to-right input, pressing the "period" key at the end of a sentence displays the mark on the wrong side of the sentence. However, when the next sentence is started, the period moves to the correct location. This is due to the operating system defaulting to its standard text directionality when a typed character (such as a punctuation mark) does not have a specified directionality. Il proto-indoeuropeo (PIE) è l'antenato comune ricostruito della famiglia linguistica indoeuropea. Le sue caratteristiche proposte sono state derivate dalla ricostruzione linguistica da lingue indoeuropee documentate. Non esiste alcuna registrazione diretta di proto-indoeuropeoΗ πρωτοϊνδοευρωπαϊκή (PIE) είναι ο ανακατασκευασμένος κοινός πρόγονος της ινδοευρωπαϊκής οικογένειας γλωσσών. Τα προτεινόμενα χαρακτηριστικά του έχουν προέλθει από γλωσσική ανασυγκρότηση από τεκμηριωμένες ινδοευρωπαϊκές γλώσσες. Δεν υπάρχει άμεση καταγραφή πρωτοϊνδοευρωπαϊκώνProto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have come from a linguistic reconstruction of documented Indo-European languages. There is no direct record of early Indo-Europeans原始印歐語系（PIE）是重建的印歐語系共同祖先。它提出的特徵來自對記錄在案的印歐語言的語言重建。沒有早期印歐人的直接記錄原始印歐語系（PIE）是重建的印歐語系共同祖先。它提出的特徵來自對記錄在案的印歐語言的語言重建。沒有早期印歐人的直接記錄פרוטו-הודו-אירופי (PIE) הוא האב הקדמון המשותף המשוחזר של משפחת השפות ההודו-אירופיות. תכונותיו המוצעות הגיעו משחזור לשוני של שפות הודו-אירופיות מתועדות. אין תיעוד ישיר של הודו-אירופים מוקדמיםপ্রোটো-ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় (PIE) হল ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষা পরিবারের পুনর্গঠিত সাধারণ পূর্বপুরুষ। এর প্রস্তাবিত বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলি নথিভুক্ত ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষার ভাষাগত পুনর্গঠন থেকে এসেছে। প্রথম দিকের ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয়দের সরাসরি কোনো রেকর্ড নেই

IE is hypothesized to have been spoken as a single language from 4500 BC to 2500 BC during the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, though estimates vary by more than a thousand years. According to the prevailing Kurgan hypothesis, the original homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have been in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Europe. The linguistic reconstruction of PIE has provided insight into the pastoral culture and patriarchal religion of its speakers.

As speakers of Proto-Indo-European became isolated from each other through the Indo-European migrations, the regional dialects of Proto-Indo-European spoken by the various groups diverged, as each dialect underwent shifts in pronunciation (the Indo-European sound laws), morphology, and vocabulary. Over many centuries, these dialects transformed into the known ancient Indo-European languages. From there, further linguistic divergence led to the evolution of their current descendants, the modern Indo-European languages. Today, the descendant languages of PIE with the most native speakers are Spanish, English, Portuguese, Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu), Bengali, Russian, Punjabi, German, Persian, French, Marathi, Italian, and Gujarati.

Persian, French, Marathi, Italian, and Gujarati.

PIE is believed to have had an elaborate system of morphology that included inflectional suffixes (analogous to English child, child's, children, children's) as well as ablaut (vowel alterations, as preserved in English sing, sang, sung, song) and accent. PIE nominals and pronouns had a complex system of declension, and verbs similarly had a complex system of conjugation. The PIE phonology, particles, numerals, and copula are also well-reconstructed.

Asterisks are used as a conventional mark of reconstructed words, such as *wódr̥, *ḱwṓ, or *tréyes; these forms are the reconstructed ancestors of the modern English words water, hound, and three, respectively.

Mem

Thirteenth letter of many Semitic alphabets

This article is about the Semitic letter. For other uses, see Mem (disambiguation).

Mem (also spelled Meem, Meme, or Mim) is the thirteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Hebrew mēm מ‎, Aramaic Mem , Syriac mīm ܡܡ, Arabic mīm م and Phoenician mēm . Its sound value is [m].Orthographic variants of final form

Various Print Fonts Cursive

Hebrew Rashi

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Serif Sans-serif Monospaced

ם ם ם  

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In Hebrew, Mem, like Kaph, Nun, Pe, and Tzadi, has a final form, used at the end of words: its shape changes from מ‎ to ם‎.  SchemaPiezo.gif

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